The production of intense proton beams in CEA Saclay started in the 90’s with the development of the SILHI source to inject the IPHI accelerator. This ECR ion source is still in operation nowadays. ECR plasma is well-known heating process and plasma chamber internal dimensions were investigated in order to reduce size and maintenance time. In 2012 R&D investigations on those simple plasma...
LION is a laser ion source that has been in operation at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). It is the first laser ion source to supply ion beams stably for users at a large accelerator facility in the world. LION is located at the upstream end of the heavy ion accelerator complex at BNL and supplies singly charged ion beams of various ion species. LION has been in operation from 2014 to...
The ion beam divergence & uniformity/homogeneity apart from beam energy are two crucial parameters of a large-size ion source-based NBI (Neutral Beam Injector) for the physical interpretations of beam dynamics & control of its extraction system. Characterization of $H^-$ ion beam in ROBIN (Rf Operated Beam source in India for Negative ion) source using two orthogonally placed cameras installed...
The capability of laser ion sources to produce high intensity short pulse ion beams, especially from solid element, makes them promising pre-injectors for some application facilities, such as cancer therapy facilities and accelerator-based neutron sources. Aiming at these applications, some specific ions, like carbon, lithium ions, have been produced and optimized in terms of the high charge...
A compact accelerator-driven neutron generator with a lithium beam driver can generate neutrons in a forward direction, even using incident beam energy at a near-threshold energy. Especially for medical and industrial applications, the ability to suppress unwanted radiation to patients is a major advantage. However, it is difficult to supply a high-intensity lithium-ion beam, and its practical...
We studied how the transverse phase-space distribution (PSD) of heavy-ion beams extracted from an ECR ion source (ECRIS) changes as a function of the extraction current $I_{\rm ext}$ through the LEBT. Heavy ion beams produced by ECRIS are distributed over a certain range of charge, so that the total current extracted from the ion source $I_{\rm ext}$ is an order of magnitude larger than that...
The requirements for future accelerator chains need to increase the injected beam brilliance significantly, still keeping high the beam quality in terms of reliability, reproducibility and stability. A roadmap for ion source development may consist of several steps: plasma simulation, multiphysics simulation of each system component, high-level control system, plasma characterisation, beam...
It is a commonly held belief that the beam current extracted from an ion source varies with the applied extraction voltage with a V^(3/2) power law as defined by the space charge limited Child Langmuir equation.
However, recent experiments and modelling work have shown that the reason for the apparent V^(3/2) relationship is not caused by space charge limited extraction, but instead the...
The production of negative ions in caesium sputter ion sources occurs on the surface of a cathode, which contains the ionized material and is covered by a thin layer of caesium that enhances the negative ion yield by lowering the work function. We have recently demonstrated that the negative ion beam currents can be enhanced by exposing the ion source cathode to a laser beam [1-3]. In this...
Simulations are a powerful method to study the correlation between output beams and internal dynamics of ECR plasmas, which involve a complex interplay between injected power, RF frequency, gas type and pressure. Modelling the microscopic properties of such plasmas is essential not only for fundamental research into the operation of ECR ion sources but also for applications like the PANDORA...
The ion source for neutral beam injection at ITER has to provide high intensity and low divergence negative hydrogen and deuterium ion beam. Extracting the negative ions from the plasma is inevitably accompanied by co-extraction of electrons, which can limit the source performance, especially in deuterium. Reducing the co-extracted electrons is done by applying a magnetic filter field and a...
Recently, production of highly charged medium mass heavy ion beams, such as Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), and Chromium (Cr) ions, are strongly demanded for the synthesis of new elements. At RIKEN, especially, production of intense 51V13+ ion beam for long term was strongly required for synthesis of the new element (Z=119). For this purpose, we constructed new superconducting electron cyclotron...
In NIBS2022, the stable 8-hour operation of the J-PARC cesiated RF-driven Hˉ ion source in a test-stand with a 69.9 keV 120 mA beam and a beam duty factor of 4 % (1 ms x 40 Hz) was reported. However, the Cesiation condition was produced after many times and rather large amount of Cesium and H2Os injections. The necessary plasma electrode temperature (TPE) of 254 ${}^\circ$C was also much...
Burning plasma Experimental Superconducting Tokamak (BEST) will be a new magnetic confinement fusion device (major radius ~3.6 m, minor radius ~1.1 m, plasma current <7 MA, toroidal field <6.1 T) located at Hefei, China. BEST aims to research and develop the physics and technology of the fusion power to generate electricity. Neutral beam injection is one of the auxiliary heating and current...
Negative hydrogen ion sources for neutral beam injection (NBI) systems for nuclear fusion experiments rely on the surface production of negative hydrogen ions on a low work function converter surface. The state-of-the-art technique for the generation of low work function surfaces is steady evaporation of the alkali metal Cs into the ion source. As the Cs layers are affected by residual gases...
The experimental fusion reactor ITER will feature two heating neutral beam injectors (NBI) capable of delivering 33(50) MW of power into the plasma. NBI consists of a plasma source for production of negative ions (extracted negative ion current up to $\mathrm{329\,A/m^2}$ in H and $\mathrm{285\,A/m^2}$ in D) then accelerated up to 1 MeV for one hour. The negative ion beam is neutralized, and...
Giant negative ion sources are used for neutral beam injectors in fusion devices. A high density of cold negative hydrogen ions is required over the large extraction area of the caesium-seeded plasma source, to provide the required negative ion current, distributed uniformly over thousands of extraction apertures. In this regard, it is expected that the expansion of plasma and neutrals from...
Reduction of beamlet divergence angle is one of the most challenging issues in negative ion sources driven with Radio-Frequency (RF). Minimum divergence of the beamlet accelerated from Filament-Arc (FA) driven source is ~5 mrad, while that from RF driven source is ~12 mrad, which is larger than the beamlet divergences of 7 mrad required for ITER HNB and DNB. The reason why the beamlet...
Negative hydrogen or deuterium ion sources for neutral beam injection (NBI) systems used at fusion devices are based on the surface production process at a caesiated low work function converter surface. The ITER NBI system will deliver a large beam (≈2 m × 1 m, extraction area ≈0.2 m$^2$) with an accelerated current of 40 A negative deuterium ions (46 A in hydrogen) with a high homogeneity,...
Neutral beam injectors (NBI) for fusion facilities have strict requirements on the beam divergence (7 mrad for the ITER NBI at 1 MeV). Measurements of the single beamlet divergence of RF negative ion sources (at lower beam energy < 100 keV) show significantly higher values (12-15 mrad), also larger than filament arc sources at similar beam energies. This opened up questions whether the higher...
The RF-driven ion source has been put into commissioning on China spallation neutron source (CSNS) accelerator since September of 2021. It has a service life time of more than 310 days and availability of almost 100%. To fully meet the requirements of CSNS project phase-II (CSNS-II), the beam intensity should be enhanced and the transverse emittance should be minimized. This report covers...
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory is an accelerator-based, pulsed neutron scattering facility utilized for a broad range of scientific research applications. For the past decade, the facility has operated at its original design beam power of 1.4 MW, and it is currently undergoing an upgrade to double its power to 2.8 MW within the next several...
The vast majority of the ECRIS are based on magnetic confinement with solenoid and sextupole field components. The development of such structure using present superconducting wire technology is limited to 56 GHz, whereas the minimum-B quadrupole ARC-ECRIS topology has been theoretically shown to enable up to 100 GHz operation. The CUBE-ECRIS is a recently commissioned permanent magnet...
Normandy Hadrontherapy (NHa) and Ion Beam Application (IBA) are collaborating to develop a full hadrontherapy treatment solution based on a new multiparticle cyclotron. C6+ and He2+ ions will be accelerated up to 400 MeV/u and (H2)+ up to 260 MeV/u. Three different ion sources will be carried out for each accelerated particle: the mono-charged ion sources (H2)+ and low charged ion source He2+...
A new A/Q=7 injector is under development for the SPIRAL2 accelerator at Caen, France (NEWGAIN project). A new 28 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source (ECRIS) named ASTERICS*, located on a high voltage platform, is under design for this project. The source features a modern cryostat allowing for the saving of helium during a quench and a large plasma chamber (90 mm...
For many years, we have been promoting basic and applied research on multiply-charged ion generation in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source (ECRIS). Based on these experimental results, we considered the accessibility conditions for wave propagation in the magnetized plasma in ECRIS, and proposed various microwave feeding methods to improve the efficiency of multiply-charged ion...
The European Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source community has more than 20 years of experience working together in various EU-funded projects. In the recent project, called ERIBS (European Research Infrastructure – Beam Services), we will focus on improving ion beam services for the EURO-LABS (European-Laboratories for Accelerator Based Sciences) research infrastructures. The...
Aiming to the production of 1 emA U3x+ intense highly charged ion beam, the 4th generation ECR ion source 45 GHz FECR (First 4th generation ECR ion source) is under development at IMP. Fundamental progresses have been made towards this challenging machine. The first superconducting ECR ion source magnet based on Nb3Sn technology is going to be in place to provide sufficient magnetic...
Optical emission spectroscopy provides a noninvasive method to probe the properties of hot and highly charged magnetically confined plasmas. The optical emission line profiles enable, for example, identifying the different species and characterizing the relative population densities and temperatures of the ions and neutrals forming the plasma. The feasibility of this approach has been...
The RF system of the TRIUMF electron cyclotron resonance ion source charge state booster (CSB) was recently upgraded for the implementation of two-frequency heating using a single waveguide. The injection and extraction optics as well as the injection and extraction systems of the CSB were systematically modelled and optimized. The quadrupole scan technique was developed for beam emittance...
An innovative ECR ion trap facility, called PANDORA (Plasma for Astrophysics, Nuclear Decay Observation and Radiation for Archaeometry), was designed for fundamental plasma processes and nuclear physics investigations. The overall structure consists of three main pillars: a) a large (70 cm in length, 30 cm in diameter) ECR plasma trap with a fully superconducting B-minimum magnetic system...
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) has become operational as a user facility in April 2022. The primary beam power available on target routinely now reaches 5 kW and preparations for operation at 10 kW are underway with an ultimate design goal to deliver 400 kW within the next 6 years. FRIB front end currently operates two ECR ion sources: a room temperature ECR ion source operating at...
MYRRHA will be the world’s first large-scale Accelerator Driven System at power levels scalable to industry. In ISOL@MYRRHA, Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) will be produced using the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique, with increased isotope production through high-intensity primary beam and long irradiation times. High-quality RIBs are to be maintained over that period, up to 4 weeks....
The ISOLDE facility at CERN provides ion beams of nuclides produced in reactions between 1.4-GeV protons and thick targets. Molecules have been studied as a method to deliver beams of release-limited refractory elements by forming volatile molecules [1-5]. Molecular sideband extraction is also used as a technique to improve beam purity. Molecular beams additionally provide opportunities for...
The ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility is located at CERN’s Proton Synchrotron Booster, where thick targets are irradiated with 1.4-GeV protons. Over 1000 different radioisotopes with half-lives down to milliseconds can be delivered to low-energy experimental setups at up to 60 keV, or post accelerated using the REX and HIE ISOLDE linear accelerators.
One important factor for planning...
The Reaccelerator (ReA) of the Facility for Rare-Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University (MSU) uses a helium gas-filled Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) ion trap and an Electron-Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) as a charge-breeding system. Rare isotopes produced via projectile fragmentation or in-flight fission are selected by the Advanced Rare Isotope Separator of FRIB and stopped in a helium...
Future heavy-ion driver accelerators will require high charge state ECR sources operating beyond the currently achievable heating radio frequency of 28 GHz. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is exploring two technological paths that can enable reaching this goal. The first approach is by using Mixed Axial and Radial field System (MARS). This novel coil system allows the use of the Nb-Ti...
Laser resonance ionization spectroscopy is a sensitive tool for investigating nuclear structures [1], but its spectral resolution is limited by Doppler broadening, which becomes significant at ion source temperatures of approximately 2000°C. This can limit resolution to 1-10 GHz, making it difficult to measure nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments.
A new laser ion source design has been...
A world smallest carbon ion radiotherapy facility, East Japan Heavy Ion Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, started treatment operations in February 2021. The treatment system consists of an ECR ion source, an RFQ and IH-type drift tube linac, a 430 MeV/u synchrotron and a spot-scanning irradiation system. It has two treatment rooms, one is a fixed horizontal beam port and the...
Since decades, High Voltage Engineering (HVE) manufactures particle accelerator systems for research and industry. HVE’s product line includes Singletron and Tandetron accelerator systems with terminal voltages of up to 6 MV. They are dedicated to a wide range of applications, including ion implantation and irradiation, Ion Beam Analysis (IBA), Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), and neutron...
For simple applications, such as the calibration of a charged particle detector, a multi-MeV proton generator may be preferable to cyclotrons or electrostatic accelerators such as Van de Graaff generator. Thus, a compact proton generating system, consisting of 10Ghz ECR ion source NANOGAN and a deuteron target, was developed at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics at Osaka University. A...
The first fully domestically boron neutron capture therapy demonstration device located in Yangtze River Delta region based on an accelerator neutron source will be build recently. It is held by "Xi'an Jiaotong University-Huzhou Neutron Science Laboratory" joint lab established by Xi'an Jiaotong University and Huzhou Industrial Group. The BNCT facility requires a proton beam of 30 mA@40 keV at...
There are a huge variety of ion source types employed to produce charged particle beams for discovery physics and accelerator applications such as neutral beam heating of thermonuclear fusion plasmas and spallation neutron sources. In most ion sources the ion beams are extracted directly from a plasma sustained by a DC or RF energy source. What is common to all ion sources is the need for...
Particle-in-Cell (PIC) codes used to study plasma dynamics within ion sources typically use an explicit scheme. These methods can be slow when simulating regions of high electron density in ion sources, which require resolving the Debye length in space and the plasma frequency in time. Recent developments on fully-implicit PIC models in curvilinear geometries have shown that these spatial/time...
D-Pace is developing a 13.56 MHz RF ion source capable of producing negative ions (H$^-$, D$^-$). The ion source is a hybrid design between the TRIUMF-licensed filament ion source and the RADIS ion source licensed from the University of Jyväskylä. An Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) is generated inside the plasma chamber using a planar spiral external antenna, powered by an RF power supply....
The ion source discharge influences the plasma-facing surfaces by impinging fluxes of ions, radicals and photons. This plasma surface interaction is particularly important for, but not limited to, caesiated ion sources for negative hydrogen ions due to its influence on the surface work function and possible photo-emission of electrons into the plasma sheath. While the role of ions and radicals...
The superconducting ECR ion source VENUS remains one of the world’s highest-performing ECRs for producing high-current, highly-charged ion beams. However, VENUS has up-to-twenty control parameters defining an operation space that is largely unexplored and inside which record beams are still produced via dedicated tuning time. This size of operation space has proven manageable for computer...
ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) Ion Sources (ECRIS) are widely used to provide highly charged heavy ions for high energy accelerators. In their plasmas, ECRISs are able to generate electron population having enough high energy to effectively ionize the atoms up to their inner shells. The quality (intensity, emittance, stability) of the ion beam used by the end-stations of the accelerators...
Some metallic ion beams such as titanium are quite difficult to produce at the intensity level required in order to deliver several particle micro-amperes on target for nuclear physics experiments. At the University of Jyväskylä (JYFL), Matti Nurmia proposed to use organometallic compounds giving birth to the so-called MIVOC method [1]. Ferrocene is the archetype of metallic beams procced via...
Neutron generator has the characteristics of high neutron energy generation, high inherent safety and flexible use scenarios, and is widely used in many fields, such as scientific research, activation analysis and contraband monitoring. This paper introduces the development of a small Neutron generator based on ECR source, which is being developed by China Institute of Atomic Energy. The...
The negative ion based neutral beam injector (NNBI) of 400 keV beam energy is a subproject of Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) in China. A core snubber will be used to absorb the energy released by the stray capacitance during the occurrence of accelerator ignition faults, avoiding greater losses. The equivalent model of the CRAFT NNBI high potential circuit was...
The capability to directly study neutron capture reactions on radionuclides with half-lives on the order of minutes would allow key cross section measurements in nuclear astrophysics and energy applications. However, such experiments with stationary targets are currently impossible because of signal detection and target sample fielding issues. To overcome these challenges, a neutron target...
A laser ion source employing a cryogenically solidified gas target has been developed and demonstrated to supply highly charged carbon ions for a long period of time without being limited by the lifetime of the laser target. This new laser ion source is expected to be applied to the next-generation heavy ion cancer treatment accelerator based on inductive synchrotron technology. A solid carbon...
The negative ion sources currently used for Fusion applications produce tens of Amperes of Hydrogen or Deuterium ion current from a low-temperature (few eV) plasma. Being the negative ion current typically limited below 200 - 300 A/m2 at the extraction apertures, these sources can be quite large and their input power ranges from some tens to hundreds of kW. Two source types are currently used:...
Pyroelectric neutron generator is an ideal neutron calibration source for free of radioactive contamination and high-frequency noise interference. The basic principle involves using pyroelectric crystals to generate high-voltage electric fields, which in turn accelerate deuterons produced by ionization to bombard deuterium-rich targets, initiating deuterium-deuterium (D-D)...
In the facilities for the production of Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) according to the Isotope Separation On Line (ISOL) technique, a production target is typically impinged by a high energy and high intensity primary beam, generating radioactive isotopes. The target is coupled to an ion source, where the produced species are ionized, allowing their electrostatic extraction and acceleration as...
The neutral beam injector for heating & current drive (HNB) for ITER requires the deuterium negative ion beam (D-) with 1 MeV, 40 A (200 A/m2) for 3600 s and hydrogen negative ion beam (H-) with 870 keV, 46 A (230 A/m2) for 1000 s. The required beam divergence angle is less than 7 mrad. Ensuring this beam divergence angle is essential to suppress...
A cesium-free negative hydrogen/deuterium ion source system using two pulsed plasma sources has recently developed at Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. The system operates with two alternate pulsing sequences related to the respective plasma sources, thereby switching the plasmas in the after-glow state in an alternating manner. As a result, the ion source system can offer a continuous...
Applying a solenoidal magnetic field to a laser produced plasma is a method to increase the ion beam current supplied from a laser ion source. The purpose of this study is to investigate the ion charge state dependence of the beam current increase in the laser ion source by applying a solenoidal magnetic field. The plasma generated by a Nd:YAG laser was injected into a magnetic field generated...
Neutral beam system for heating & current drive (HNB) of ITER requires high power beams of 0.87 MeV and 46 A (230 Am-2) hydrogen negative ion (H-) for 1000 s, and of 1 MeV and 40 A (200 Am-2) deuterium negative ion (D-) for 3600 s. The H- ion beam demonstration toward 0.87 MeV and 230 A/m2 for 300 s, where the beam duration exceeds 50 s required in the initial HNB operation, is under progress...
Laser ablation source (LAS) is an adaptable and efficient ion production technique for mass spectrometry, allowing for flexible analysis of various sample types. By depositing laser energy into the target, atoms or molecules in the sample are ionized. The development of a LAS for supplying stable isotopes to TRIUMF's TITAN platform enables novel studies, such as isotope abundance measurement...
Responding to a request by the user community for higher beam intensities, an upgrade of the Argonne National Laboratory ECR2 ion source is in progress. The upgrade has three main constraints: 1) The overall source architecture as defined by the solenoid coils cannot change, 2) radial access to the plasma chamber has to be maintained, and 3) the amount of time the source can be shut down for...
With the successful development of inductive oven in 2019, there are three kinds of metal ovens at Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) now: low temperature oven, inductive high temperature oven and traditional mini-oven. To expand the range of temperature coverage, a new resistive medium temperature oven has been proposed in 2022 and fabricated in 2023. It is designed for the optimal working...
Neutral beam injection (NBI) is an indispensable auxiliary heating method used in thermonuclear magnetic confinement fusion devices. The Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) needs a well-matched neutral beam injection system for experimental research. The condition that a high current beam with high beam energy is needed in the process of fusion can be satisfied by a...
For this work, a cold cathode ion source with a Langmuir electric probe was constructed to produce an ion beam that could be successfully applied to a variety of applications. A steady discharge plasma media was produced by adjusting its operation conditions, such as the discharge voltages, electrode gap, as well as gas pressure. Additionally, the I-V plasma graph is recorded by inserting an...
A transportable compact neutron source is under development for nondestructive testing of concrete structures such as bridges. It consists of a compact proton injector, a 2.5 MeV Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) linac and lithium target. To meet the requirements of a 2.5 MeV RFQ linac, a new compact ion Source-LEBT integrated proton injector was developed at IMP. It includes a permanent magnet...
A penning ion source with a filament has been developed for a compact ion microbeam system to form submicron ion beam. A duoplasmatron-type ion source has, so far, been used for the system. However, the duoplasmatorn-type ion source is large power consumption as well as a large size. It is an obstacle to reduce the size of the system. As an ion source to overcome the demerits, a penning gauge...
The current ion sources employed in the KSTAR (Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) neutral beam injection system utilize conventional filament-driven multicusp ion sources. However, the primary limitations of this source arise from the usage of 12 tungsten filaments, leading to complexities and maintenance issues. To overcome these drawbacks, the development of an RF-driven ion...
The cold cathode type PIG ion sources were often employed for compact cyclotrons with high magnetic field as internal source. The ion sources are preferable to conduct maintenance easily without vacuum break of cyclotrons to avoid long downtime. In this study, cold cathode PIG H+ ion source was developed with extraction mechanism along to main magnetic field direction for the spiral sector AVF...
The Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) is a large scientific device that is preferentially deployed for the construction of major national science and technology infrastructures. A radio frequency (RF) negative ion based neutral beam injection (NNBI) system with beam energy of 400 keV, beam power of 2 MW and beam duration of 100 s was designed to deliver energetic...
The use of high intensity, heavy ions from an ECR ion source for heavy ion accelerators usually entails the employment of a low energy beam transport (LEBT) section and magnetic charge state analysis, but space charge can severely limit the transmission. It has been proposed [1] instead to use a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) to efficiently address this problem. The stray magnetic field of...
In 2008, a SuperNanogan ECR ion source from PANTECHNIK was introduced in addition to an in-house developed microwave ion source and a surface ion source to complement the TRIUMF offline ion source facility to provide highly charged ions to ISAC experiments. Originally, it employed a 400 W Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier (TWTA) for RF heating, but less than 50 W was enough to produce all the...
The work function of plasma electrodes (PE) in negative hydrogen ion sources plays an important role to increase the H-/D- yields, and cesium (Cs) are currently used to control the work function. It has been known that a half monolayer (or less) Cs coverage shows the minimum work function, but it can be decreased more when the surface is immersed in a hydrogen plasma (Wada et al., 1990, and...
The Rare Isotope Accelerator complex for ON-line experiments (RAON) was constructed to produce more exotic rare isotopes (RI) by combining the ISOL and IF methods. In the ISOL facility, RIs are generated in the Target/Ion Source (TIS) module with the proton beam and extracted to the ISOL beamline. The properties of the RI ion beam transported through the ISOL beamline should be matched to the...
Previous studies indicate that the biased disk enhances the charge state distribution (CSD) in the plasma in continuous wave (CW) mode and it also improves the ion flux towards the extraction in pulsed mode. However, in these studies the biased disk voltage is always shifted from 0 V to a certain value (or vice versa) with different timing, for an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source...
Recent superheavy element production research has involved the bombardment of heavy-element foils by high currents of neutron-rich ion beams having atomic numbers near 20 and energies near 5 MeV/nucleon. Production rates scale with incident current, and the 88-Inch Cyclotron at LBNL has demonstrated the ability to deliver over 2 pµA for some of these beams largely because of its injector: the...
Negative-ion density measurement in negative-ion sources is still in demand for improving the design and efficiency of the sources [1,2].
A new analysis method called the 'electron reduction Langmuir probe model' is developed for an area that cannot use a laser-related measurement [3], such as inside the extraction hole.
A validity check of the new analysis is performed in hydrogen and...
Kei3 is a prototype of compact ECR ion source developed for various ion production at QST-NIRS. It has confirmed that Kei3 has an ability to produce highly charged heavy ion, for example, carbon, neon and argon, but the beam current was not high enough. To improve this situation, we optimized microwave frequency and injection position in the plasma chamber.
Microwave has a large effect to...
The FEBIAD ion source is routinely used to produce radioactive ions of halogens, molecules, and noble gases in several ISOL facilities worldwide. At TRIUMF, an extensive numerical and experimental campaign has been performed to fundamentally understand the source while improving its reliability and overall performance. Particularly, the cathode temperature has been studied by pyrometric...
Laser ion sources are expected to be used in various applications of heavy ion beam technology. The plasma direct injection scheme (DPIS) is a method used to accelerate high-current ion beams extracted from a laser ion source, which are then injected into a radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linear accelerator. In this study, a new injection method was demonstrated that avoids the RF field of...
The two-close frequency heating (TCFH) is a new implementation of the well-known two frequency heating. In TCFH, the two frequencies differ less than 200-300 MHz each other in order to establish two contiguous ECR resonance zones. TCFH has been proved to be a powerful technique to suppress plasma instabilities in Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRIS), as well as to improve their...
The formation of self-focused ion beam with a small diameter is proposed. The device for the formation of self-focused ion beam consists of a hollow anode and enveloped anode, separated from the anode by an insulator, gas delivery system. A discharge is supported by the voltage applied between the cathode and anode. The ion beam is self-focused by the spherical emission surface of emitting...
The CUBE-ECRIS is a recently commissioned permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source developed at the university of Jyväskylä accelerator laboratory. The special features of the new ion source design include an unconventional quadrupole minimum-B magnetic field structure and a slit beam extraction system necessitated by the line-shaped plasma loss fluxes. The 10 GHz...
The baseline RF-driven H- ion source configuration at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) facility uses a continuous wave (CW) 600 W 13.56 MHz RF system to ignite and maintain a low-intensity plasma inside the ion source vacuum chamber. After the continuous low-intensity 13.56 MHz plasma has been established, a pulsed (typical 1 ms pulse width and 60 Hz pulse repetition rate) 80 kW 2 MHz RF...
At TAE Technologies, a next-generation Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC), known as Copernicus, is being built. The current device, C-2W, has achieved steady-state beam-driven FRCs up to 30 ms using four 15 kV and four 40 kV NBIs(neutral beam injector)[1]. In order to increase FRC performance in the next generation device, both beam energy and beam power will be increased beyond these...
Resonance laser ionization is an efficient and highly selective method for producing ions of a wide variety of elements. In the laser ion source of ISOLDE – RILIS (Resonance Ionization Laser Ion Source), the laser interaction with the atoms takes place inside a metal tube which is heated to temperatures of up to 2200 degrees Celsius. This heating induces electron emission from the metal walls,...
We have developed method of in situ effective pumping speed measurements based on injecting of small amount of gas into a volume of a vacuum chamber and subsequent recording of pressure burst decay time dynamics using Residual Gas Analyzer (RGA). Within the certain range, the pressure burst caused by injected gas will drop exponentially in time and exponential coefficient of such pressure...
Due to the demand for intense high-charged stable ion beams for medical and nuclear physics a traveling-wave-tube (TWT) based RF generator has been installed and commissioned at the Advanced Electron Cyclotron Resonance Upgrade (AECR-U) ion source at the UMCG-PARTREC facility. The generator comprises 2 x 750W in-phase combining TWT RF generators with an output frequency range of 12.75-14.5...
Most of the currently operating Negative ion Neutral Beam Injectors (N-NBIs) exploit filament-powered sources for the generation of beam ions. Being widely used in fusion experiments, the arc technology has been thoroughly investigated and optimized over the years, allowing to achieve excellent performances in terms of extracted beam optics.
The source geometry, the magnetic field topology...
Ion beams are employed in various fields such as semiconductor manufacturing, surface modification, and material science. The uniformity of ion beams is crucial in many applications, but conventional ion sources that use a single filament often limit the uniformity and intensity of the ion beam. This paper presents a study that aims to optimize a multi-filament ion source to enhance the...
The ISAC-FEBIAD ion source is an electron impact ion source typically used to ionize radioactive molecules or isotopes of elements with ionization potentials higher than 10 eV. The source key tuning parameters are the anode voltage that defines the electron energy, and the magnetic field that controls the electron density inside the anode volume. Both values are only varied in a small and...
Cyclotron Institute at Texas A&M University started a project to develop the reacceleration of radioactive ions using the two operational cyclotrons and a Charge Breeding ECR ion source. The radioactive ions are produced primarily via (p,n) reactions using the well-known IGISOL technique. The reaction products are transported into a Charge Breeder ECR ion source where their charge state is...
Metals can be injected into electron cyclotron resonance ion sources (ECRIS) via many techniques, among which resistive ovens are used to vaporise neutral metals, later captured by the energetic plasma environment that will stepwise ionise them, hence giving multiply charged ion beams for accelerators. Recently, PANDORA, a novel ECR plasma trap, has been conceived to perform interdisciplinary...
A negative ion based neutral beam injection (NNBI) test facility is one of the significant components of Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) in China. A quarter-size beam source for the CRAFT NNBI test facility has been developed firstly. It consists of a single driver RF plasma source and a negative ion accelerator. The typical extraction voltage is 4~8 kV and the...
Microwave plasmas fascinate researchers and scientists, yet it is a challenging field of research. The Central University of Punjab (CUPB) in Bathinda, established a 2450MHZ microwave flash design facility [1,2 ] to examine the properties of this peculiar kind of plasma. During ignition of the plasma, plasma shifting in the waveguide caused several problems. Even though microwave coupling and...
The dynamic of self-organized nanopatterns on solid surfaces has been studied using low energy ion beam but it remains a central theme within ion beam sputtering still. The previous work for dynamical characterization has been focused on ion sputtering of Silicon surfaces using unconventional methods. To invoke new phenomena is not achievable using single fixed beam configuration.
In this...
We present the status of the ion source and low energy beam transport prototyping activities for a single-ended heavy ion time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis (ToF-ERDA) equipment for depth profiling of light elements. The environmentally friendly concept is based on a permanent magnet ECR ion source and dipole magnet on a 500 kV platform without SF$_6$ insulation, producing high...
Highly Charged Ions (HCIs) enable increased precision when measuring the masses of short-lived radioactive ions. The TRIUMF's Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear Science (TITAN) facility receives radioactive, singly charged ions (SCIs) from the ISAC facility before charge-breeding them to HCIs. Specifically, the TITAN Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) generates the higher charge states, while the...
An all-permanent magnet electron cyclotron resonance ion source-LAPECR3 (Lanzhou All Permanent magnet Electron Cyclotron Resonance ion source No.3) had been developed as the dedicated C5+ ion injector of Heavy Ion Medical Machine (HIMM) accelerator facility since 2009 in China. The first HIMM demo facility was built in Wuwei city in 2015, and the facility had been officially licensed to treat...
Intense highly charged uranium ion beam production is essential for heavy ion accelerators in operation and those under construction. Although metallic beam production is tricky, based on our earlier study, intense uranium beams can be expected when operating a third generation electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source especially in afterglow mode with double frequency heating. In this...
The LION2 is being constructed to replace the existing LION, which is a laser ablation ion source to provide various species of heavy ions for Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at BNL. LION and LION2 provide singly charged heavy ions, which are transported and then trapped by an electron beam ion source, so called Extended-EBIS, for further...
To investigate the coupling efficiency between microwave with frequency above 20 GHz and plasma in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source, a movable Vlasov launcher has been developed at Institute of Modern Physics (IMP). The beam intensity and axial bremsstrahlung were simultaneously measured with SECRAL-II (Superconducting ECR ion source with Advanced design in Lanzhou No. II) ion...
Highly charged ions (HCIs) are currently utilized in numerous fundamental and applied sciences, including astrophysics, dark matter search, optical clocks, semiconductor lithography, and quantum dot fabrication, to name just a few examples. At UNIST, a tabletop electron beam ion trap (EBIT) has been developed for creating and studying HCIs. The UNIST-EBIT compresses the electron beam by 72...
At GSI the CAPRICE ECRIS is in operation to deliver high-charge state ion beams from gaseous and metallic elements to the accelerator facility. In order to fulfill the demand for higher intensity and stability of high-charge state ions, a test campaign has been carried out at the ECR test bench. The objective of the measurements was the enhancement of ion source performance in terms of...
Unidirectional carbon fiber-carbon matrix (CFC) composite can be used to diagnose the main features of a particle beam such as its power, divergence and uniformity. Diagnostic calorimeter based on CFC has been developed by the research team of neutral beam injection (NBI) around the world because of its high space resolution. At ASIPP, a negative ion source based neutral beam injector is under...
Temporal oscillation of the negative hydrogen ion ($\text{H}^-$) beam phase space in Radio Frequency (RF) ion source is a serious problem which causes increase in the beam divergence angle in the fusion application or unexpected beam loss due to Twiss mismatch in the accelerator application. Physical mechanism of the oscillation is investigated by a simple 3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) model. The...
CARIBU (Californium Rare Isotope Breeder Upgrade) is a source of neutron-rich fission fragments from a plating of 252Cf. Operating for over a decade, CARIBU has provided unique beams for stopped and reaccelerated experiments. Unfortunately, consistently generating a thin plating of Cf has proved very difficult. To eliminate this risk and increase the overall intensity of n-rich ions, ATLAS...
The beamline of Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) system at RAON was constructed. The produced ions from the Target Ion Source (TIS) are cooled and bunched using the Radio Frequency Quadrupole Cooler Buncher (RFQ CB) to improve the charge breeding efficiency of the Electron Beam Ion Source (EBIS) charge breeder and the performance of the Multiple-Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer...
In this study, we address the the effects of low energy hydrogen ion beam irradiation on the optical characteristics of polymeric nanocomposite films for used in optoelectronics devices. The composite films are irradiated using broad beam cold cathode ion source with hydrogen ion energy ranging from 1 to 6 keV. The techniques of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, as well...
P. S. Lakshmy*, Mukesh Kumar, R.K.Gurjar, Ruby Santhi and G.Rodrigues
Inter University Accelerator Centre, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
The 18 GHz High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source [1] is the main positive ion injector for the upcoming, High Current Injector (HCI) Programme which is presently being commissioned at IUAC, New Delhi. In...
In order to meet the requirement of the neutral beam long pulse operation for CFETR and fusion reactor, it is urgent to carry out the research of high power RF ion source. As the extracted area of ion source is bigger, multi-driver is an inevitable choice. According to the structure of multi-driver, some problem such as, disturb between adjacent drivers and plasma uniformity, will occur. These...
A solenoid magnetic field along the expanding laser-produced plasma is an essential technique of a laser ablation ion source, which can increase ion beam current at beam extraction by a factor of 2. Solenoid field is also practically important for beam operation to control beam current without changing the condition of laser ablation. However, the motion of laser-produced plasma influenced by...
At iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences (LABS), a Penning Ionization Gauge (PIG) Ion Source is used for proton production. The accelerated proton beam impinges on a target, and after chemical extraction and purification, is used to manufacture a range of radioisotopes. The accelerated proton beam is also used to study various low-cross section nuclear physics processes. Over the...
The Beijing Radioactive ion beam facility Isotope Separator On-Line（BRISOL）is a radioactive ion beam facility based on a 100MeV cyclotron providing 200μA proton beam bombarding the thick target to produce radioactive nuclei, which are transferred into an ion source to produce singly charged ion beams. A surface ion source had been developed for BRISOL, and the first radioactive beams (37K+,...
On-line Isotope separator of Beijing radioactive ion-beam facility(BRISOL) produces medium and short-lived radio-isotope beams by irradiating a target with a 200-𝜇A 100-MeV proton beam provided by a cyclotron. Recently, UCx targets have been developed at BRISOL. At fisrt, lanthanum carbide has been chosen as an analogy for uranium carbide, so that air sensitive target material processing can...
The suppression of co-extracted electrons has always been one of the key problems in the operation of negative ion sources, as the co-extracted electrons not only cause energy waste, but also create a great heat load on the extraction grid (EG). A positive bias is usually applied to the plasma grid (PG) to reduce the co-extracted electron current. There are several ways to connect the bias...
Since 1995, the Laboratory for Accelerator Studies and Development at CEA Saclay specializes in producing ECR intense light Ion Sources, for high intensity proton or deuteron. The initial source SILHI designed for IPHI accelerator was the root of the sources provided to laboratories around the world, such as IFMIF, FAIR or SPIRAL2. In parallel, the Ion Source team started a new R&D program on...
The HITRAP facility, located at the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH in Darmstadt, Germany, is designed to decelerate, cool and transport heavy, highly charged ions (HCI) created by the GSI accelerator complex to various attached experiments. The system consists of a two-stage deceleration structure, an interdigital H-type linac (IH) and a radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ),...
A room-temperature electron beam ion source/trap has been designed and constructed at the National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST). Its peak magnetic field of 0.67 T is generated in an extremely compact architecture by embedding strong rare-earth (NdFeB) magnets within the drift tubes, which are partly constructed of electrical iron. Six ports in the midplane are available to...
SPES is a 2°-generation ISOL facility in the last stage of construction in INFN-LNL, Italy. One of the many developmental activities carried out inside SPES project is a thermally optimized ion source (IS). The SPES surface ion source (made of Ta) was successfully tested in 2017 [1].
In the beginning of 2023, the same SPES-IS has been used to test its performance as a resonance ionization...
In mass spectrometry of exotic ion beams a cold ion beam is required, to achieve a mass resolution goal of 1:20000, which is a typical requirement for nuclear physics studies of isobaric ions. In the radiofrequency (rf) quadrupole cooler (RFQC), which is a kind of linear ion trap, rf fields and ion-gas collisions may give considerable increase or decrease of the beam transverse emittance and...
Due to the unique magnetic field structure of the Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion source, conventional idealized beam models cannot adequately reproduce the state of high charge state ion beams extracted from it. Consequently, beam transport designs based on idealized models exhibit suboptimal performance in efficiently generating high-quality beams during practical transport. Advanced...
The spatially-resolved X-ray spectrum of laser-produced Al plasma near the target surface has been obtained in the energy range of 1.5-2.2 keV using a compact flat crystal spectrometer. The widely-used temperature and density diagnostics, the line ratios of Lyα/Heβ and IC/Heα, were measured and compared with the calculation results of a steady-state collisional-radiative model, so that the...
